It is not everyday that a kitchen sink can be used as currency. But at a new city school almost anything could be asked for in exchange for lessons. At the Trade School Glasgow money is not the legal tender and instead the school will run on barter. Teachers will come up with a wish list of items and students who attend will bring along what is requested as payment.

Tea and coffee for the class, fundraising advice or even spreading the word about the lesson are all examples of what could be asked for by teachers from budding students. And already one teacher has said that they are looking for a kitchen sink.

 The school is being set up by the charity Social Care Ideas Factory and will be the first of its kind in Scotland. The first Trade School began in New York and there are now 20 around the world offering classes in everything from plumbing to knitting and language classes.

For the moment all classes in the Glasgow school will based around social care themes and it is hoped that the school will help build stronger, more involved communities within the city. Charlie Barker, director of the Social Care Ideas Factory, said: “We are always on the hunt for the next big idea. I had been looking on the internet to see what kind of things are happening around the world. I had stumbled on the Trade School in New York and I thought that the idea sounded fantastic. Money is tight for everybody and it can be difficult to even pay to do a night class or even to free up your staff for training. So I though there must be a way that we can rally together.”

“I spoke to some of our members to see if they would get on board but it now really seems like it’s catching which is excellent for us. What teachers have to think about is what they need back. That’s the kind of interesting thing because I think a lot of teachers say that they don’t really need anything.”

“But we are saying it can be things such as helping to set up the classroom and bringing tea or coffee to the classes. It might even be taking on the idea after the class and letting other people know about it. When you are not asking for money it’s really difficult for people to consider what that might be.”

Some of the classes already up for grabs at the Trade School include Who Cares We Care which will take place in Ashgill Care Home in the north of the city and will look at how the care home is run, Speaking With Confidence which will offer tips and techniques about how to be an effective speaker and Change Your Life in Two Hours! An Introduction to Life Coaching.

Anyone can teach a class at the Trade School and anyone can go along to a lesson. The idea is that it is open to everyone in the community and that it is free.

“My whole position is really about showing that everybody has got something to offer,” said Charlie.

“We have all got assets and skills but we might not shout about them. We might know stuff that other people might not and others might find that useful.”

The school officially opened for business on  September 25. The majority of classes will take place at the Scottish Youth Theatre but others will take place at venues across the city.

The school will operate during the normal school term and it is hoped that if there is enough interest that it will last until summer 2013 and beyond. All classes will take place at nights and at the weekend to allow people who work to be able to attend.

Charlie said: “A lot of people are interested and quite excited about the whole concept, especially when we are not asking for money. We have been very encouraged by the mix of people interested, it’s not just charitable organisations it’s also been skilled workers including nurses and police and a whole range of people who have different roles within the community. Some of the sessions are now full so that’s great as well.”

To find out more about Trade School Glasgow or to sign up for a class or offer to teach a class visit the website.

The Best Green Community Initiative  Winner: Moffat CAN

Runners-up: Castlemilk Community Woodlands;  Freegle;  Friends of Possilpark Greenspace

“This is a such a comprehensive initiative and they have clearly thought through just what can be achieved,” commented one of the panel members of Moffat CAN. 

Over the past 12 months the community-owned company and charity has opened a furniture reuse centre in Annan, expanded its business waste collection service, developed a bike hire scheme and established Scotland’s first aquaponics greenhouse.

The panel was also impressed by the work by Castlemilk Community Woodlands to regenerate an underused area to provide opportunities for social, economic and environmental improvements.

Despite being run entirely by volunteers Freegle, which now has almost 100,000 members encouraging the reuse of unwanted items, was seen as having a major impact.

The panel also praised the work of the Friends of Possilpark Greenspace in improving the local environment in an area which has suffered many years of neglect.

Visit Moffat CAN’s website to learn more.

The Best Green Campaigner/Activist  Winner: Mike Small, Fife Diet 

Runners-up: Sarah Findlay, Starter Packs Glasgow; Tim Cowen/Maggie Kelly, Community Opposed to New Coal at Hunterston (CONCH)

“A real success in changing behaviours to benefit the environment,” commented the panel of Fife Diet.

Founded by Mike Small in 2007, the consumer network now has more than 4,000 individuals involved, making it the largest local food project of its kind in Europe. Members of the project average 40 to 60 per cent below the carbon footprint for food usage than a typical UK consumer. 

Sarah Findlay’s achievements and her ability to enthuse others at Starter Packs Glasgow also highly impressed the panel. The initiative sources household items to distribute to people looking to move into flats or houses after a period of homelessness. Each year hundreds of tonnes of reusable items are saved from waste and diverted to provide households with the items they need.

The success of a grassroots campaign against a new coal-fired power station at Hunterston also saw Tim Cowen and Maggie Kelly, co-chairs of Community Opposed to New Coal at Hunterston praised by the panel..

Visit Fife Diet’s website to learn more.

Executive Summary

For a copy of the full report click here.

Through this study, Development Trusts Association Scotland (DTAS) has sought to establish the current scale and nature of community ownership of assets across Scotland. The research was conducted by DTAS’ Community Ownership Support Service (COSS).

The study seeks to assist in measuring the impact of, and targeting future, policy interventions aimed at increasing the number of assets in community ownership in Scotland. Specifically, it aims to:

1. Provide a baseline against which to measure the impact of policy interventions (including COSS support) on levels of community ownership;

2. Inform the development of policy interventions around community ownership, including targeting of the COSS service, through for example identifying cold spots in geographical or thematic terms;

3. Build an evidence base that can be used to raise the profile of the scale and nature of community ownership and influence wider public policy.

The study brought together data held by public and third sector bodies that have disposed of property to community organisations or that have some other involvement in the process of community asset acquisition. The findings relate only to the outright ownership of title to fixed property such as land, buildings, and land related rights (such as sporting, riparian, or minerals rights), and to ownership of major energy installations and, in one case, a ferry. Leases and management agreements have not been included.

There are an estimated 75,891 assets owned by a total of 2,718 community controlled organisations in Scotland, and with an estimated combined value of just over £1.45 billion. Collectively these assets comprise 463,006 acres (187,372 hectares) in area, equivalent to 2.38% of Scotland’s land area. The vast majority of this area (95%) comprises 17 large rural estates under community ownership.

73,151 assets in community ownership are units of housing owned by 84 community-controlled housing associations, housing co-operatives and rural development trusts. The total value of this housing stock is estimated at just over £0.8 billion. Community ownership of housing is excluded from the detailed analysis within the report.

2740 assets are what might be termed ‘community assets’; those that bring benefit to, or can be accessed by, the whole community they are intended to serve. We estimate the combined value of these assets is just over £0.65 billion. Detailed information was uncovered in relation to 376 of these assets, which were used as the basis for identifying key trends in community asset ownership in recent years.

Community assets are used for a vast array of purposes. The most common include community halls, amenity uses (e.g. greenspace), business lets, cafes or restaurants, educational uses, grocery retail, heritage preservation and interpretation, renewable energy generation, and sports facilities.

The timeline for community asset acquisitions shows a total of 315 assets coming into ownership over the past 20 years, with a rapid growth in the number of acquisitions completed in the lead up to the launch of the first Scottish Land Fund in 2001 and the enactment of the Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003. Since peaking at 34 acquisitions in 2003, the number of acquisitions would seem to have levelled off and is now in the teens each year.

Two-thirds of community ownership is to be found in remote rural areas, while those areas provide a home to just 6.5% of the population. In sharp contrast, just over one in every twenty community owned assets can be found in large urban areas while 38.9% of the population lives in such areas. DTAS believe there are likely to be a range of inter-connected reasons behind this geographical distribution, including differences in property values between areas, levels of community cohesion and capacity, and regional variances in the availability of funding and technical support for community ownership. However, further research into the factors underlying the difference in levels of uptake between urban and rural areas may prove valuable.

The vast majority of community-owed assets are to be found in areas that do not experience marked levels of deprivation, with over 90% located in the 80% least deprived and just 3% in the 5% most deprived areas (as measured through the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation). Again, there may be various reasons for this pattern, such as differing levels of capacity, aspiration or opportunity. 

DTAS believes it would be worthwhile examining further the distribution of assets in relation to specific measures of deprivation – such as levels of income, unemployment, educational attainment, and geographical access to key services. It may also be worthwhile (but less simple) to identify the extent to which the successful ownershipof assets has led communities out of relative deprivation. Assets have come into community ownership through a variety of routes and from different landowning sectors. Acquisitions on the open market have to-date remained the principle route to ownership for community organisations in Scotland, and several public funding mechanisms have played a significant role in enabling these acquisitions, notably Highlands and Islands Enterprise’s discretionary funding, the first Scottish Land Fund (2001-06), and Big Lottery Funds’ Growing Community Assets programme.

Several public policy mechanisms (voluntary and statutory) designed to increase the flow of assets from the public sector into community ownership were introduced from 2003 onwards. These have met with varying success, with the National Forest Land Scheme, operated by the Forestry Commission Scotland,being responsible for 13 acquisitions by community organisations, the Community Right to Buy for 12, and the Crofting Community Right to Buy for none. The transfer of assets at less than best consideration, in particular from the public sector, has been a notable route into asset ownership for communities, with 22 such cases uncovered through this research, many in recent years.

Jennifer Wallace 

It is now five years, since the Trust published ‘A Charter for Rural Communities’, our comprehensive review of the challenges and opportunities facing rural communities in the UK and Ireland. Much has changed in this time – rural demographics have shifted and we are facing severe financial and environmental challenges. At the same time technological advances have continued apace and there are new opportunities for communities to manage local assets and shape the way public services are delivered.

Our new report ‘Future Directions in Rural Development’ written by Professor Shucksmith sets out this changed rural landscape and reviews the varying success of different approaches to rural development. 

‘Future Directions in Rural Development – Executive Summary’ identifies the risks of leaving unequal rural communities to their own devices and the importance of an ‘enabling state’ supporting communities to reach their full potential. 

It draws out some of the key issues facing rural communities in the 21st Century.  These issues: access to broadband, digital participation, the importance of local enterprise, community ownership and a more ‘enabling state’.  These are recurring themes in the Trust’s work and are key policy areas that the Trust is focused.

The conclusions of the review are that a supportive and responsive government is required at a UK, devolved and local level. Action on all of these levels is needed to: address regional level inequalities; build capacity in local communities, and mitigate against any unintended consequences of macro level policies at a local level.

The full report will be published online in September 2012 and made available here. 

The National Planning Framework (NPF) is a strategy for the long-term development of Scotland’s towns, cities and countryside. The NPF is about shaping Scotland’s future and is concerned with how Scotland develops over the next 20 years and how to make that possible. The NPF identifies key strategic infrastructure needs to ensure that each part of the country can develop to its full potential.

Planning legislation requires Scottish Ministers to revise the NPF within 5 years of publication. Scottish Ministers have confirmed that work on the preparation of NPF3 will commence in autumn 2012, focusing strongly on economic recovery and the transition to a low carbon economy.

Scottish Government launched the revision of the NPF in September with the publication of the Participation Statement.   A series of stakeholder events and public drop-in sessions are being organised at venues across the country – see here for details.

Lack of transport is a problem we more readily identify with rural areas but surprisingly there are some districts in our major cities where there are no bus services – not just in the evenings but at any time.

 This was the situation in the Drumchapel area of Glasgow when earlier this year the main commercial bus operator for the area withdrew their services. This left hundreds of local residents without decent public transport to surrounding areas and Glasgow city centre thus cutting them off from all sorts of basic amenities, shops and health services. Drumchapel’s hilly topography meant that elderly residents couldn’t walk the long distances to their nearest bus service and so were in danger of becoming isolated in their homes.

Community Transport Glasgow (CTG) and Strathclyde Partnership for Transport (SPT) got together and worked out a way forward. Using a little used piece of transport legislation and with the provision of vehicles from SPT they were able to work out a new model of local bus service. Using small buses a new flexible “hail and ride” service has been established which picks people up anywhere on the Drumchapel estates and takes them to the nearest transport hubs so that they can then connect with mainstream transport to take them round the city. In a few months’ time when the pattern of use has been established a route will be designed and a timetable set up which meets the needs of the local residents.

“ This is a great example of partnership really working in practice. “ said John MacDonald, Director for Scotland at the Community Transport Association. “CTG have been innovative in the way they have set this service up and SPT have been extremely supportive which means that Drumchapel residents now have a viable local bus service.”     

Details of Community Transport Association’s forthcoming conference can be viewed here.

Social enterprises do not need business plans, they need social enterprise plans which demonstrate how their social purpose will be achieved, how they will be environmentally responsible and how they will achieve financial sustainability. The business plan as traditionally understood addresses only a small portion of the needs of a social enterprise.” John Pearce, Social Enterprise in Anytown

JUST the Business has written a Guide to Social Enterprise Planning.  The Guide has been tailored to suit the business planning needs of social enterprises and links the process involved in planning with the structure of a social enterprise plan.

This Guide can be bought for £15.  The income earned from the sale of the Guide (minus a small administration charge) will be donated to the Social Enterprise Collection (Scotland) fund which was started with archive donations from John Pearce and is currently housed at the Glasgow Caledonian University library.

To buy a copy, click here.

A local authority has asked for public views on its idea that some services could be better provided by the communities that use them.

The suggestion has been made on Highland Council’s Budget Blog, which forms part of the authority’s efforts to consult on spending cuts.

The blog asks which services could be taken over by locally run projects.

The council has already agreed to set up a £1m challenge fund to help finance community-run services.

Dave Fallows, chairman of the finance, housing and resources committee, heads up the blog.

Writing on the blog, he said: “There are some circumstances where a community initiative – even at a very local level – can provide the same or better services than the council can, and at lower cost. 

“We have agreed to provide a £1m challenge fund to be available to get good ideas for provision of services going in local communities.

“Do you think that we should be encouraging communities to take on the running of some services for themselves, and if so, which?”

Highland Council has already suggested greater community involvement in other areas of its work.

Parents and local sports clubs will be asked to help make sure Highland schools meet targets for PE, according to an officers’ report earlier this month.

In his blog, Mr Fallows has also sought views on whether the council should reduce the frequency of street cleaning and grass cutting to save money, or if such action would be damaging in terms of tourism.

Highland Council spends £2.8m a year on grounds maintenance and £3.1m on cleaning streets and picking up litter.

All information in relation to the names and background of advisors, timescales for the review and the process for submitting evidence can be obtained from the website that was launched this week. Click here Land Reform Review

The members of the Advisory Group 

Professor David Adams – Ian Mactaggart Chair of Property & Urban Studies, University of Glasgow. Chartered Surveyor, chartered town planner, member of the Society of Property Researchers, Housing Studies Association, Regional Studies Association and the Royal Society of Arts. Research interests include State-market relations in land and property, with a particular interest in land, planning and regeneration policy. Previously undertaken extensive research on “Land ownership constraints to urban redevelopment” and more recently published RICS report on “Discovering property policy: an examination of Scottish Executive policy and the property sector”.

Andrew Bruce-Wootton – General Manager at Atholl Estates since 2000. Atholl Estates, which extends to some 145,000 acres of Perthshire, is one of the largest privately owned estate in Scotland. Formerly Assistant Factor, Buccleuch Estate (September 1993-April 2000). Director of Scottish Land and Estates (2008-2011). Deputy Chairman, Scottish Estates Business Group. Educated at Acadia University, Applied Science, Engineering (1984-87)

Amanda Bryan – Rural and Community Development consultant, specialising rural development and community development in the Highlands and Islands (trading as Aigas Associates). She was Chair of BBC Scotland’s Scottish Rural Affairs and Agriculture Advisory Committee from 2001 to 2006 and a former Development Manager with Ross and Cromarty Enterprise. She was employed by SNH as the Minch project Officer 1993-1995. She has served on the North Areas Board of SNH since 1997 and was previously depute Chair of that Board. She is also a Director of Kilmorack Community Hall. She has participated in a report for the Community Woodlands Association on an evaluation of partnerships between community groups and Forestry Commission Scotland (May 2006). She has worked with Stòras Uibhist on community engagement, and with Sleat Community Trust to review the Trust’s management structures. She is a Forum Member of Highland and the Islands Regional Forestry Forum. She is currently involved with the purchase of the Aigas Community Forest from Forestry Commission Scotland. In 2012, Amanda was appointed as Commissioner for Forestry Commission Scotland

Ian Cooke – Director of the Development Trusts Association Scotland (DTAS). DTAS promotes and supports development trusts – community led organisations who use enterprise activity and assets to regenerate their communities. DTAS has recently being involved in Scottish Government funded work around the transfer of public sector (predominantly local authority) assets to communities. Ian has been involved in community development for over 25 years, including posts as manager of the North Edinburgh Trust and the Pilton Partnership.

Simon A. Fraser OBE – Solicitor at Anderson-MacArthur, Stornoway. He is accredited by the Law Society of Scotland as a specialist in crofting law. He has been a past Dean of the Western Isles Faculty of Solicitors. He has advised many community buyouts and has also advised and acted for private estates. He is currently the Interim Crofting Administrator for Urras Oighreachd Ghabhsainn. He is a former Board Member of SNH (1998-2004), and Chair of its North Areas Board. He has been Chair of the Isle of Eigg Heritage Trust and is vice-chair of Urras nan Tursachan (the Callanish Standing Stones Trust). He is a Deputy Lord Lieutenant for the Western Isles. He is a fluent Gaelic speaker with a lifelong interest in the social and natural history of the Western Highlands and Islands, and has a particular interest in rural development. He lives in the west of Lewis.

Priscilla Gordon-Duff – Manager of a family business and holder of a first-class degree in anthropology and sociology. Mrs Gordon-Duff is responsible for the business’s planning, policy and management in partnership with her husband and son. The business is involved in agriculture, forestry, property, commercial leases and community engagement. Chair of the National Forest Land Scheme Evaluation Panel since its establishment in 2005 (http://www.drummuirestate.co.uk/). She was chair of the Grampian Woodland Company and Forum, a board member of Paths for All, and was on the RSPB’s Scotland committee. She was the founding Chair of Drummuir 21, which is a local partnership working on sustainable development of the locality, including a community woodland, and has taken part in rural development study tours to Sweden and Norway.

Donald MacRae OBE – Chief Economist Lloyds Banking Group Scotland.  He founded the Business Forum – the networking organisation devoted to the development of new businesses.  He was appointed to the Board of Scottish Homes in 2002 and to the board of Scottish Enterprise in 2004.  He is a Trustee of the David Hume Institute and a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.  He holds the Chair of visiting professor of Business and Economic Devlopment at the University of Abertay, Dundee

He was a member of the Scottish Executive Purchasers Information Advisory Group (PIAG), reforming the selling and purchase of residential property and a member of the Scottish Executive Statistics Group.

He was a member of the 2007-08 Committee of Inquiry into Crofting.  He as been a Member of the Rural Development Council.  He became a member of the Board of Governors of the University of the Highlands and Islands in January 2011 and the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland in July 2012.  He was awarded the OBE at the beginning of 2011.

Dr David Miller – Research Leader of Realising Land’s Potential, at the James Hutton Institute. He is Co-ordinator of the Land Use Theme of the Scottish Government Strategic Research Programme 2011-2016. He leads areas of the James Hutton Institute’s knowledge exchange programme, including for public engagement using the Virtual Landscape Theatre, and co-ordinates research and commercial projects relating to landscape and spatial modelling, including applications in renewable energy, urban greenspaces and wider land use planning. His research interests are in better understanding human uses, preferences and interpretation of land use and landscapes.

Bob Reid – Former Convenor of the National Access Forum. He was a former President of the Mountaineering Council of Scotland (1990-1994) and was its representative in the early days of the Forum, and through his work for Grampian Regional Council and then Aberdeen City Council, was the Convention of Scottish Local Authorities representative throughout the long run-in to the enactment of the Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003 from 1995 to 2004. He has considerable experience of upland access work, along with knowledge of low ground access issues from his local authority work and his interest in land management issues and stalking that have developed through his involvement in the NTS Mar Lodge Management Group. He has worked extensively with government and non-government organisations, business and politicians. He is a keen mountaineer, skier, sailor and naturalist

Agnes Rennie MBE – Lives with her family on her croft at South Galson on Lewis and is a native Gaelic speaker of long standing. She is Director of Acair, the Gaelic Book Publisher. She is retiring as a non-aligned Councillor at with Comhairle nan Eilean Siar. She was a former Area Commissioner for Lewis and Harris, and was appointed as a Crofting Commissioner in 1998. She has been a Chair of Iomairt nan Eilean Siar (Western Isles Enterprise). She is also Chair of Urras Oighreachd Ghabhsainn (UOG), which is the new community owner of the 56,000 acre Galson Estate. She was a member of the Committee of Inquiry on Crofting (Shucksmith).

Dr Madhu Satsangi – Senior Lecturer in Housing and Applied Social Science at the University of Stirling. Convenor of the Rural Housing Service which is much involved with rural communities across Scotland and has attracted John Swinney and Alex Neil, among others, to its annual conferences. Madhu Satsangi’s doctoral thesis dealt with social aspects of rural housing provision and his is qualified in Environmental Science and Town and Regional Planning. He has researched into, and published widely on, rural housing associations, the role of private landowners in affordable housing, community land ownership and the impact of rural home ownership grants. His latest publication, written with Nick Gallent and Mark Bevan, is The Rural Housing Question: Community and Planning in Britain’s Countrysides, Policy Press. He has two higher qualifications in French – the Diplôme de Langue Française and Diplôme Superieur d’Etudes Françaises Modernes – and a working knowledge of Gaelic

Dr John Watt OBE – Recently retired as Director Strengthening Communities at Highlands and Islands Enterprise, where he had responsibility for HIE’s work with social and community development, including community land ownership and the growth of social enterprises.  He has been involved in rural development for over 30 years, through his work for HIE and its predecessor the Highlands and Islands Development Board.  This included a range of activities including grass roots social and community development work and also economic research and strategy development while he was Head of Corporate Planning.

In 1997 he established HIE’s Community Land Unit and managed this for several years. The Unit was set up to promote community-led land purchases; provide advice and support for such initiatives through financial assistance and technical advice; and contribute to the research and development of land policy and legislation.  He was involved in many of the high profile community land buyouts and managed HIE’s contracts with the Lottery to run the Scottish Land Fund and the Growing Community Assets programme.

He is currently a non-executive director of New Start Highland and High Life Highland, two social enterprises based in his in home town of Inverness.

LANDOWNERS CHALLENGED TO LET RESIDENTS HAVE A SAY

A campaign was launched this week to challenge the absentee owners of the Island of Bute and the Applecross peninsula in Wester Ross to open up membership of the companies that own the estates to local residents and their supporters. 

Mount Stuart Trust owns 28,000 acres on Bute and is wholly controlled by five members of the Marquess of Bute’s family plus an accountant and lawyer. None of them live on Bute.

The Applecross Trust, which owns 61,000 acres of the Applecross peninsula in Wester Ross is wholly controlled by seven people and chaired by Richard Wills, of Andover, Hampshire. None of the members lives in Applecross.

Over ninety applications for membership rights were delivered on Wednesday 26 September to the Registered Offices of the companies in Edinburgh requesting membership rights . If successful, these members will work with local residents to hand over the companies to community control. Applicants in this initial wave include supporters from across Scotland as well as local people from Bute and Applecross.

The campaign is being run by Land Action Scotland – a new network of land rights activists across Scotland. A new website, www.landaction.org.uk gives further information  and the wider public will be invited to submit online applications for membership.

Andy Wightman, author, land rights campaigner, and the co-ordinator of the new Land Action Scotland campaign said:

“The aim is to democratise these private organisations which are meant to operate on a charitable basis. They exert enormous influence over the local communities of Bute and Applecross and yet they remain in the exclusive control of a handful of people who to date have shown no interest in extending participation to local residents.

“The time has passed for aristocrats and wealthy families to hide their continued control over vast tracts of Scotland behind front companies and charities, fig-leaves that allow them to keep control. The people of Bute and Applecross have the right to be members of these companies and play a full and democratic part in the future of the estate.

“We have therefore this week launched a major campaign to challenge the vested interests who control the company and to open up membership. The ball is now firmly with the Mount Stuart Trust and the Applecross Trust. Are they nepotistic cliques or are they prepared to share power with local people?”

Responding to the initiative, David Cameron of Community Land Scotland said,

“This is a very interesting development. 

“It is one of Community Land Scotland’s fundamental principles that community landownership must come from the communities themselves. Therefore if the community of Bute and the community of Applecross are in favour of this initiative as a means to ultimately secure community control for themselves, then we will support them.

“It is one of the tragedies of private landownership that some communities can be reluctant even to register an interest in community landownership, for fear that it is seen as a hostile move. 

“Land Action Scotland has made clear that their goal here is to put pressure on the estates to open up membership, at which point local community members could join as a means to ultimately securing community control”.